Turkey

On October 29, 1923, the Republic of Turkey was officially proclaimed, marking the end of the Ottoman Empire and the establishment of modern Turkey. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk became the first President of Turkey, initiating a series of reforms to modernize the country along Western lines. This event marked a significant shift in Turkish society and governance, as Atatürk and his followers introduced secularism and a Western-style legal code, amongst other reforms.

On December 5, 1934, the Turkish parliament passed a law that granted full suffrage to women, allowing them to vote and be elected. This was a significant progression in women's rights in Turkey and a part of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's broader efforts to modernize and secularize the nation. Turkey became one of the first countries in Europe to grant women these political rights, ahead of many Western nations.

On July 20, 1974, Turkey launched a military intervention in Cyprus in response to a Greek-backed coup on the island. The operation, code-named 'Operation Atilla', resulted in Turkey gaining control of approximately 37% of Cyprus's territory. The intervention led to a de facto partition of the island and the establishment of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, recognized only by Turkey. The intervention has had long-lasting effects on Greek-Turkish and international relations.

On September 12, 1980, the Turkish military staged a coup d'état, taking control of the government. The coup was led by Chief of General Staff Kenan Evren and was the third coup in Turkey's history. The military justified the coup by citing political instability and economic issues. The coup led to the dissolution of parliament, the imposition of martial law, and widespread arrests of political activists, resulting in a dramatic impact on Turkish politics and society.

On November 15, 1983, the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC) was declared by the Turkish Cypriot leadership. The TRNC is only recognized as a sovereign state by Turkey. The declaration of the TRNC followed years of complex political and military tensions on the island of Cyprus and is a major point of contention in Greek-Turkish relations. This unilateral declaration is seen as a response to the failure to reach a settlement on the Cyprus issue and continues to impact diplomatic relations.

On August 17, 1999, a devastating earthquake struck the Marmara region of Turkey, with its epicenter near the city of İzmit. The earthquake had a magnitude of 7.6 and caused extensive damage, resulting in the death of over 17,000 people and injuring thousands more. It was one of the deadliest and most destructive earthquakes in modern Turkish history, leading to widespread homelessness and prompting a reevaluation of earthquake preparedness and building codes in the country.

On February 19, 2001, Turkey faced a severe financial crisis triggered by a public dispute between the President and the Prime Minister. The crisis led to a dramatic fall in the Turkish lira's value, a sharp rise in inflation, and a significant economic contraction. The crisis prompted rapid intervention by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and led to sweeping economic reforms, including banking sector restructuring and fiscal discipline measures.

The Gezi Park protests began on May 28, 2013, initially as a demonstration against the planned redevelopment of Gezi Park in Istanbul. The protests quickly grew into a nationwide movement against the government's authoritarian policies under Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. Protesters clashed with police, who used tear gas and water cannons. The protests marked a significant moment in modern Turkish history as a wide array of citizens took part in expressing dissatisfaction with the government.

On July 15, 2016, a faction within the Turkish Armed Forces attempted to overthrow the government. The coup plotters used tanks, helicopters, and fighter jets as they attempted to seize control of key locations in Ankara and Istanbul. The attempt was quickly suppressed by loyalist forces and civilian resistance. The failed coup led to a large-scale government crackdown on military personnel and civilians accused of being involved with the coup, dramatically affecting the political landscape in Turkey.

On October 30, 2020, a powerful earthquake struck the Aegean Sea, affecting Greek islands and Turkey's İzmir province. The earthquake had a magnitude of 7.0 and resulted in significant damage in İzmir, where numerous buildings collapsed. It caused the deaths of at least 117 people in Turkey and led to rescue operations that saved many lives from under the rubble. This disaster drew attention to building practices in seismic zones, emphasizing the importance of stringent building codes.