Rita Levi-Montalcini passed away on December 30, 2012, at the age of 103. Her death marked the end of a prolific career that spanned over seven decades, during which she made monumental contributions to the field of neurobiology. Levi-Montalcini's discoveries, particularly the identification of nerve growth factor, continue to influence scientific understanding of nervous system development. Her legacy endures through her scientific contributions, her advocacy for women in science, and her exemplification of resilience and dedication to knowledge.

On April 22, 2009, Rita Levi-Montalcini celebrated her 100th birthday. The centennial milestone was marked by celebrations that acknowledged her remarkable life and achievements in science. Despite her advanced age, she remained actively engaged in scientific thought and public life, continuing to participate in academic activities and mentor young scientists. The event was a testament to her enduring legacy and the widespread respect and admiration she garnered within the scientific community and beyond.

In 2001, at the age of 92, Rita Levi-Montalcini was appointed as an Italian Senator for Life by the then-President of the Italian Republic, Carlo Azeglio Ciampi. This prestigious role was a recognition of her outstanding contributions to science and society. As a senator, she was actively involved in promoting scientific research and education, advocating for policies supporting the growth of scientific talent in Italy and beyond. Her appointment highlighted the impact of her work beyond the laboratory, influencing science policy and education.

In 1999, Rita Levi-Montalcini established the Rita Levi-Montalcini Foundation with the goal of promoting education and knowledge. The foundation focused on offering scholarships and support to young women in Africa, aiming to empower them through education and scientific opportunities. Through her foundation, Levi-Montalcini sought to provide resources and support for young women, helping bridge the gender gap in education and fostering a new generation of empowered and educated women. The foundation reflects her lifelong dedication to science, education, and equality.

In 1986, Rita Levi-Montalcini was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, alongside Stanley Cohen, for their discoveries of growth factors. Her identification of nerve growth factor (NGF) was groundbreaking and significantly advanced our understanding of cellular growth and differentiation. The award recognized Levi-Montalcini's extraordinary contributions to neuroscience and her perseverance in overcoming significant societal and political obstacles throughout her career. Her Nobel Prize win inspired many, highlighting her role as a trailblazer for women in science.

In 1979, Rita Levi-Montalcini founded the European Brain Research Institute (EBRI) in Rome, a testament to her lifelong dedication to advancing neurological research. The institute was established with the aim of fostering research into the brain and neurological diseases. Under her leadership, the institute became a leading center for neurobiological research, contributing significantly to our understanding of brain function and pathology. Levi-Montalcini's efforts through the institute have inspired generations of neuroscientists.

In 1969, Rita Levi-Montalcini was elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences, becoming a member of one of the most prestigious scientific societies in the world. This honor was a recognition of her groundbreaking work in neurobiology, specifically her discovery of nerve growth factor (NGF). Her election to the academy was significant not only in highlighting her scientific achievements but also in paving the way for future generations of women scientists, demonstrating that exceptional scientific contributions could transcend gender and nationality barriers.

In 1952, Rita Levi-Montalcini made a groundbreaking discovery that would later earn her the Nobel Prize. Working with Stanley Cohen at Washington University, she discovered the nerve growth factor (NGF), a critical protein in the development and maintenance of certain nerve cells. This discovery was pivotal in the field of neurobiology, providing insight into how neurons grow and adapt. NGF is essential for the survival and maintenance of sympathetic and sensory neurons, fundamentally changing our understanding of the nervous system.

In 1938, Rita Levi-Montalcini was dismissed from her position at the University of Turin due to newly enacted anti-Jewish laws by the Italian Fascist regime. Despite this setback, she continued her research at a home laboratory. The oppressive political climate and rampant anti-Semitism made it extremely challenging for Levi-Montalcini to pursue her scientific work, but her determination and passion for research drove her to innovate and adapt, marking a pivotal period in her career.

Rita Levi-Montalcini was born on April 22, 1909, in Turin, Italy. She was born to a Jewish family and went on to pursue a medical degree. Her early life was marked by intellectual pursuits, despite the societal norms of the time that often limited women's roles in academia and science. She studied medicine and surgery at the University of Turin under the guidance of Giuseppe Levi, an influential mentor who helped shape her future career in neuroscience. Rita's passion and dedication to science were evident from an early age, setting the stage for her groundbreaking work in neurobiology.