Moscow

On May 27, 1703, Tsar Peter the Great founded the city of Saint Petersburg, which was intended to be Russia's "window to the West." Although this event did not occur in Moscow, it had significant implications for Moscow, as the capital of Russia was later moved from Moscow to Saint Petersburg, reflecting Russia's newfound western orientation and modernization efforts. This pivotal moment in Russian history began the transformation of Russia into a European power, profoundly affecting Moscow's status.

On September 14, 1812, French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte entered Moscow during his ill-fated invasion of Russia. Upon entering the city, his forces found it largely deserted and soon after a great fire broke out, consuming much of the city. Napoleon's occupation of Moscow was short-lived as the Russian army refused to surrender, and logistical challenges forced his army to retreat. This marked a turning point in the Napoleonic Wars as Napoleon's campaign began to unravel with the onset of the harsh Russian winter.

The Battle of Moscow was a significant battle during World War II, taking place from October 1941 to January 1942, with a focal point on December 5, 1941, when the Soviet Union launched a major counteroffensive against Nazi Germany. This battle was crucial as it marked the first major defeat of the German army in the war and was a turning point on the Eastern Front. Moscow's defense guard was pivotal in protecting the Soviet capital and maintaining Soviet morale, influencing the course of the war.

On May 9, 1945, Moscow celebrated Victory Day to commemorate the Allied victory over Nazi Germany and the end of World War II in Europe. This day is marked by grand parades and celebrations in Moscow, with the largest events traditionally held in Red Square. Victory Day in Moscow holds significant national importance, as it honors the sacrifices made during the Great Patriotic War. The celebrations feature military parades, the display of Soviet and Russian military might, and a spirit of national pride and remembrance.

On April 12, 1961, Yuri Gagarin became the first human to journey into outer space and orbit the Earth, aboard the Vostok 1 spacecraft. This historic event marked a significant achievement for the Soviet Union in the space race. Moscow, as the capital, celebrated this extraordinary accomplishment with massive parades and international acclaim. Gagarin became an international hero and a symbol of Soviet space prowess, leading to accolades and celebrations throughout the Soviet Union, particularly in Moscow.

The 1980 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXII Olympiad, were held in Moscow, Soviet Union, from July 19 to August 3, 1980. These Olympic Games were the first to be staged in Eastern Europe, and the opening ceremony took place at the Luzhniki Stadium. Amidst the Cold War, these games were notably boycotted by several countries, including the United States. Despite the boycott, the games featured memorable athletic performances and celebrated Soviet culture.

On December 25, 1991, Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev announced his resignation, marking the end of the Soviet Union and paving the way for the establishment of the Russian Federation. This watershed moment in history occurred at the Kremlin in Moscow, signifying the conclusion of the Cold War era. The announcement followed the Belavezha Accords earlier in the month, where Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus declared the Soviet Union effectively dissolved, leading to sweeping changes in geopolitical and economic landscapes.

On May 6, 2012, a series of protests occurred across Russia, with the most significant event taking place at Bolotnaya Square in Moscow. These protests were against Vladimir Putin's re-election as President of Russia, amidst claims of electoral fraud. The protest in Moscow drew tens of thousands of participants, highlighting discontent with the political system and leading to numerous arrests. This event was one of the largest demonstrations in the country since the 1990s, symbolizing a movement demanding political reform.

On March 18, 2014, Russian President Vladimir Putin signed the treaty incorporating Crimea and Sevastopol into Russia, following a controversial referendum in Crimea where a majority voted in favor of joining Russia. The event included a speech in the Kremlin, Moscow, and led to international condemnation and sanctions against Russia. This annexation, deemed illegal by many international entities, was a significant geopolitical event, highlighting the tension between Russia and Western nations, and its importance echoes in Moscow's political strategies.

The 2018 FIFA World Cup, an international football tournament contested by the men's national teams of the member associations of FIFA, began on June 14, 2018, with the opening match and ceremony held at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow, Russia. This event marked the first time the World Cup was held in Russia, and it featured a spectacular opening ceremony with performances from world-renowned artists and a match that included the host nation, Russia, playing Saudi Arabia.