Mark Sykes

Mark Sykes was born on March 9, 1879, in Westminster, London. He became known as a notable British diplomat and politician, as well as an influential traveller, writer, and Military Officer. Sykes played a critical role in the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire after World War I, particularly through the Sykes–Picot Agreement with France, which significantly shaped the modern Middle East.

In 1900, Mark Sykes embarked on his first journey to the Middle East, a region where he would later wield considerable influence. This trip marked the beginning of his deep and enduring interest in the politics, cultures, and societies of the region. His experiences would later inform his perspectives and strategic thinking during the creation of the Sykes-Picot Agreement. Sykes documented his travels and insights, which continues to serve as valuable historical resources for understanding early 20th-century dynamics in the Middle East.

Mark Sykes married Edith Gorst in 1902, establishing a personal and social partnership that would continue until his untimely death. Edith was the daughter of Sir John Eldon Gorst, a notable politician. This union not only linked Sykes to another influential political family but also provided personal stability and support throughout his career. Together, they managed their family estate and raised their children while Mark was deeply engaged in diplomatic and political duties.

In 1904, Mark Sykes published his book 'The Caliphs' Last Heritage', which was based on his travels and research in the Middle East. The book provided a thorough examination of the Ottoman Empire and the Middle Eastern landscapes, peoples, and cultures that he encountered. This publication established Sykes as a knowledgeable figure on Middle Eastern affairs and contributed significantly to his reputation as a writer and scholar on the region.

In December 1911, Mark Sykes was elected as the Member of Parliament for Central Hull, a position he held until his untimely death. Known for his conservative views, Sykes was an influential political figure during his time in office. His tenure as MP was marked by recent political activities and his involvement in Middle Eastern politics, ultimately leading to his prominent role in negotiating terms for the postwar division of the Ottoman Empire territories with the Sykes-Picot Agreement being his primary legacy.

In early 1914, as tensions in Europe escalated towards World War I, Mark Sykes joined the Dardanelles Committee, which was responsible for planning the naval operations in the Dardanelles and the wider Mediterranean. His knowledge of the Ottoman region was influential in the discussions and strategies formulated by the committee, highlighting his significance as a strategic thinker and diplomat facing the challenges of early World War I geopolitical complexities.

In November 1915, Mark Sykes was appointed to the British War Office as an advisor on Middle Eastern affairs. This role was critical during World War I, as his expertise was instrumental in shaping British military and political strategy in the region. His deep knowledge of the culture and geopolitics of the Middle East allowed him to contribute effectively to the planning that eventually led to the Sykes-Picot Agreement, marking a pivot in British foreign policy in the region.

The Sykes-Picot Agreement was a secret 1916 agreement between the United Kingdom and France, with assent from the Russian Empire, defining their mutually agreed spheres of influence and control in the Middle East following the expected downfall of the Ottoman Empire after World War I. Mark Sykes represented the British side in this significant negotiation, where he worked closely with French diplomat François Georges-Picot to delineate the borders in a way that would divide the Middle Eastern territories between France and Britain.

Sir Mark Sykes died suddenly on December 25, 1917, due to the Spanish flu pandemic while in Paris, France. He was a significant figure during World War I and posthumously known for his major role in the Sykes-Picot Agreement, which had profound implications for the future of the Middle East. His unexpected death at the age of 38 was keenly felt within British diplomatic and political circles due to his influence and involvement in the complex geopolitics of the time.

In 2008, scientists exhumed the body of Sir Mark Sykes as part of a study on the Spanish flu pandemic. The exhumation aimed to retrieve samples that could provide insights into the virus that caused the pandemic and its characteristics. Despite his death many decades earlier, this event highlighted the enduring scientific interest in the pandemic and its historical figures. Sykes was considered a prime candidate due to his burial in a lead-lined coffin, which preserved the remains.