Latvia

On November 18, 1918, during the chaos of World War I and following centuries of foreign rule, the People's Council of Latvia proclaimed the independent Republic of Latvia. This day marks the country's original declaration of independence from Russia's dominance and is celebrated annually as Latvia's Independence Day. Despite the initial independence, Latvia would soon face challenges from both German and Bolshevik forces but managed to establish itself as a sovereign state through subsequent fighting and international diplomacy.

On August 11, 1920, the Treaty of Riga, also known as the Latvian–Soviet Peace Treaty, was signed, officially ending the Latvian War of Independence. This peace agreement between Latvia and Soviet Russia acknowledged Latvia's independence, thus marking a significant achievement in Latvia's struggle for sovereignty following World War I. The treaty solidified Latvia's borders and required Soviet Russia to recognize Latvia's sovereignty in perpetuity. It was a cornerstone document for the foundation of an independent Latvian state.

On August 23, 1989, approximately two million people from Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania joined hands to form a human chain spanning roughly 600 kilometers across the three Baltic countries. This peaceful demonstration was known as the Baltic Way and was a powerful symbol of the Baltic States' desire for independence from the Soviet Union. The event took place on the 50th anniversary of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact and drew international attention to the independence movements in the Baltics, ultimately influencing the Soviet Union's policies.

On August 21, 1991, Latvia declared the restoration of its independence from the Soviet Union. This followed the significant changes in Soviet politics and a peaceful movement of independence that swept through the Baltic states. The parliament of Latvia had already declared independence on May 4, 1990, but it was not until 1991, after the failed coup in Moscow, that full independence was internationally recognized. This event marked Latvia's reemergence as a sovereign nation and the rebirth of its democratic institutions.

On July 17, 1999, the historic centre of Riga, the capital city of Latvia, was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. Recognized for its rich architectural heritage, the area showcases a blend of Art Nouveau buildings with 19th-century wooden buildings, significant for their historical and cultural importance. Riga's centre is noted both for its authenticity and as an outstanding representation of the architectural and urban trends of its time. Receiving UNESCO status helped increase Riga's visibility as a historical city and tourist destination.

On March 29, 2004, Latvia officially became a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), a crucial step in solidifying its security and defense post-Cold War. Joining NATO was a strategic move for Latvia to ensure its sovereignty and territorial integrity, especially in light of historical occupations and regional security concerns. It signified a commitment to the international defense community and required Latvia to align its military standards with NATO requirements.

On May 1, 2004, Latvia officially became a member state of the European Union. This major milestone came after rigorous preparations and reforms to meet EU entry requirements, following the signing of the Treaty of Accession in 2003. Joining the EU was an important step for Latvia, providing economic opportunities, increased political stability, and international recognition. The accession was part of a larger enlargement of the EU that included several other Eastern European countries.

On January 13, 2009, Latvia witnessed significant civil unrest in its capital, Riga, in the form of large-scale street demonstrations that escalated into riots. The unrest was fueled by public dissatisfaction with the government’s handling of the economy amid a severe financial crisis. Protesters were angered by wage cuts, tax increases, and increasing unemployment. Clashes between protesters and police resulted in several injuries and arrests, highlighting the urgent need for political and economic reform in the country.

On January 1, 2014, Latvia adopted the euro as its official currency, replacing the Latvian lats. This transition marked Latvia's entry into the Eurozone, the group of European Union countries that use the euro as their currency. The adoption of the euro was seen as a significant step for Latvia, reinforcing its economic ties with the EU and symbolizing its integration into Europe after the financial crisis. The move required careful preparation and budgetary discipline in the years leading up to the changeover.

On June 3, 2018, Latvia celebrated its centenary anniversary of independence with a variety of events and ceremonies held throughout the country. This celebration commemorated 100 years since the original proclamation of independence in 1918 and was marked by cultural performances, exhibitions, and international congratulations. The centennial was a moment of reflection on Latvia's history and achievements and a chance to promote national unity and pride among its citizens.