Iranian Revolution

The publication of an article in the Iranian newspaper Ettela'at on January 7, 1978, denouncing Ayatollah Khomeini as a British agent triggered widespread outrage. The article labeled Khomeini as a reactionary and instigator, which led to demonstrations in the holy city of Qom. These protests marked the beginning of a broader movement against the monarchy, as the disrespect toward Khomeini, who was in exile at the time, mobilized religious and social opposition.

Black Friday refers to the events of September 8, 1978, when the Pahlavi regime declared martial law and troops fired on protestors in Tehran's Jaleh Square. The massacre resulted in numerous casualties, and its severity accelerated the momentum of the Iranian Revolution. Black Friday became a pivotal point in the revolution as it fueled further dissent and strengthened public resolve against the Shah's regime.

On January 16, 1979, Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi left Iran, marking a significant moment in the Iranian Revolution. His departure came after months of escalating protests and strikes across the nation, signaling the end of monarchical rule. The Shah's exit was officially stated as a vacation, but it allowed revolutionaries to focus on establishing a new government without his presence.

Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini returned to Iran on February 1, 1979, after living in exile for more than 14 years. He arrived in Tehran to a tumultuous welcome from millions of Iranians, symbolizing the end of the Pahlavi regime and becoming a focal point for the revolutionary movement. Khomeini's return energized the revolution, and he soon emerged as the leader of the new Islamic Republic.

February 11, 1979, marks the victory of the Iranian Revolution as revolutionary forces led by Ayatollah Khomeini declared Iran an Islamic Republic. The day signified the collapse of the Pahlavi monarchy, after triumphing over the remnants of the Shah's loyalist forces. The establishment of the Islamic Republic fundamentally changed Iran's political landscape, impacting regional and global politics.

On November 4, 1979, Iranian students seized the U.S. Embassy in Tehran, taking 52 American diplomats and citizens hostage. This 444-day crisis began as the students demanded the extradition of the Shah, who was in the United States for medical treatment. The hostage-taking was both a political and diplomatic crisis that strained U.S.-Iran relations and had far-reaching implications on international diplomacy.

The Iran-Iraq War officially began on January 25, 1980, following long-standing territorial disputes. Triggered by Iraq's invasion of Iran, the conflict lasted for eight years, becoming one of the longest conventional wars in the 20th century. The war caused significant casualties and economic losses for both countries, deeply affecting the political and social fabric of Iran as the new Islamic State dealt with external aggression while consolidating power.

On June 28, 1981, a powerful bomb exploded at the headquarters of the Islamic Republican Party (IRP) in Tehran, killing over 70 officials, including Chief Justice Ayatollah Mohammad Beheshti, one of the republic's primary architects. This attack was orchestrated by the Mujahedeen-e-Khalq (MEK), an opposition group. The assassination weakened the new regime's structure, initiating severe crackdowns on dissent and further solidifying the government's resolve.

On February 15, 1983, the Islamic Republic executed several members of the Tudeh Party of Iran, a communist organization. The executions marked the culmination of a wide-reaching crackdown on leftist groups perceived as threats to the Islamic establishment. The purges severely weakened the political opposition and contributed to the consolidation of the new regime's power by removing potential rivals.

Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, the Supreme Leader of Iran and figurehead of the 1979 Islamic Revolution, died on June 3, 1989. His death marked the end of an era in Iranian politics, as he had been a central religious and political figure since his return to Iran in 1979. Khomeini's passing left a significant vacuum in leadership and prompted the succession of Ali Khamenei as the Supreme Leader.