India

On August 15, 1947, India gained independence from British rule after a long and arduous freedom struggle led by figures such as Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel. The day marked the end of nearly 200 years of British colonial rule, and the subcontinent was divided into two nations, India and Pakistan, leading to widespread migration and communal violence. India adopted a democratic form of government and embarked on a journey towards becoming a sovereign nation.

On January 26, 1950, the Constitution of India came into effect, making India a sovereign democratic republic. The Constitution, which was drafted by the Constituent Assembly led by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, replaced the Government of India Act 1935 as the governing document of India. This date is celebrated as Republic Day in India. The Constitution laid the framework for the governance of India and enshrined principles of justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity.

The Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 was fought between India and Pakistan from December 3 to December 16, 1971. It was sparked by the Bangladesh Liberation war between East Pakistan and West Pakistan. India intervened in support of East Pakistan, leading to a decisive victory against Pakistan and the subsequent creation of the independent nation of Bangladesh. The war resulted in a large number of casualties and prisoners of war, and significantly altered the geopolitical landscape of South Asia.

On July 24, 1991, the Government of India, led by Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao and Finance Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh, initiated a series of economic reforms that marked the beginning of economic liberalization in India. The reforms included deregulation, reduction of import tariffs and taxes, and the opening up of the economy to foreign investments. These changes were aimed at curbing the financial crisis and rebuilding the economy, and they paved the way for rapid economic growth and integration into the global economy.

On May 11, 1998, India conducted five underground nuclear tests at the Pokhran Test Range in Rajasthan, codenamed Operation Shakti. These tests, conducted under the leadership of Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee and scientific adviser Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, declared India as a full-fledged nuclear state. The international community responded with economic sanctions, but the tests were seen domestically as a bold step asserting India's scientific and military prowess. This event shifted the balance of power in South Asia and changed global perceptions towards India.

From November 26 to 29, 2008, a series of coordinated terrorist attacks were carried out by 10 members of the Pakistani organization Lashkar-e-Taiba across Mumbai, India's largest city. The attacks targeted multiple high-profile locations including the Taj Mahal Palace Hotel, Oberoi Trident, Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, and Leopold Cafe. Over 160 people were killed and hundreds injured. The attacks drew widespread condemnation from around the world and led to tense relations between India and Pakistan, emphasizing the need for stronger anti-terrorism measures.

On December 16, 2012, a horrible gang rape and subsequent death of a female student in Delhi shook India and led to widespread protests across the country. The incident highlighted the prominent crime against women in India and prompted extensive media coverage and public outcry. Consequently, the government introduced stricter laws against sexual violence. This tragic incident greatly influenced the dialogue about women's safety in India and raised awareness about women's rights and legal protections.

On May 26, 2014, Narendra Modi was sworn in as the Prime Minister of India after leading the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) to a decisive victory in the national elections. Modi's victory marked a significant shift in Indian politics, as he promised to transform India through economic development, digitalization, and initiatives like 'Make in India'. His tenure has been marked by significant policy changes and has had considerable impacts on India's domestic and foreign policy. Modi's leadership has been both praised and criticized nationally and internationally.

On November 8, 2016, Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced the demonetisation of all ₹500 and ₹1000 banknotes as part of a campaign to combat black money, counterfeit currency, and corruption. This move led to widespread public confusion and upheaval, as the demonetization rendered 86% of the currency in circulation invalid. Long queues formed at banks and ATMs as people scrambled to exchange their old notes. The decision had significant economic implications, both intended and unintended, and sparked extensive debate about its implementation and effects.

On March 25, 2020, the Government of India implemented a nationwide lockdown to contain the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. This initial lockdown lasted for 21 days but was subsequently extended, making it one of the world's largest and most stringent lockdowns. The lockdown had profound effects on India's economy and society, impacting millions of migrant workers who were left stranded. It also led to significant changes in public health and safety measures. The government's response involved mass testing, quarantine facilities, and vaccination efforts.