Germany

The Beer Hall Putsch was a failed coup attempt by Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP) to seize power in Munich, Bavaria, during November 8–9, 1923. About 2,000 Nazis marched on the Feldherrnhalle, but the coup was suppressed by the police. Hitler was arrested and charged with treason. This event was significant in the rise of Hitler and Nazi ideology as it brought national attention to Hitler's radical ideas.

On January 30, 1933, Adolf Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany by President Paul von Hindenburg. This appointment marked the beginning of Nazi control over Germany, leading to the establishment of a totalitarian regime. Hitler's rise to power was facilitated by his popular support among the German people and political maneuvering that allowed the Nazi Party to dominate the Reichstag.

Kristallnacht, also known as the Night of Broken Glass, occurred on November 9-10, 1938, when the Nazis carried out a series of violent attacks against Jewish communities across Germany and Austria. Synagogues were burned, Jewish-owned businesses were vandalized, and thousands of Jews were arrested and sent to concentration camps. Kristallnacht marked a significant escalation in the Nazi persecution of Jews, leading to the Holocaust.

On May 8, 1945, Germany signed the unconditional surrender documents, ending World War II in Europe. The surrender came after a series of military defeats and the death of Adolf Hitler. Known as V-E Day (Victory in Europe Day), the surrender marked the collapse of the Nazi regime and led to the occupation and division of Germany by the Allied powers. The day is commemorated annually in various countries as a public holiday.

On August 13, 1961, the communist government of East Germany began constructing the Berlin Wall, a barrier that divided East and West Berlin. The wall was intended to stop the mass exodus of East Germans to the West and became a symbol of the Cold War and the divide between the communist and capitalist worlds. The wall remained in place until its fall in 1989, affecting the lives of millions and maintaining the separation of two contrasting ideologies.

During the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany, a terrorist attack was carried out by the Palestinian group Black September who took eleven members of the Israeli Olympic team hostage. Over the next 24 hours, all hostages and five of the eight terrorists were killed during a failed rescue attempt. This tragic event highlighted the issues of terrorism and the vulnerability of international events.

The Berlin Wall, which had divided East and West Berlin since 1961, was opened by government officials on November 9, 1989. This monumental event marked the beginning of the end of the Cold War and paved the way for German reunification. The wall fell amidst a peaceful revolution in East Germany, which demanded democratic reforms. The event was the result of various peaceful protests and increasing emigration pressure at the German borders.

On October 3, 1990, East and West Germany were officially reunified into a single Germany. This followed the fall of the Berlin Wall and a series of negotiations and treaties, culminating in the Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany. The new unified Germany retained the political framework of West Germany, including its membership in the European Community and NATO.

On April 19, 2005, German Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger was elected as the 265th pope of the Roman Catholic Church, taking the name Pope Benedict XVI. He was the first German pope in nearly 1,000 years. Known for his conservative theological views, Pope Benedict XVI led the church until his resignation in 2013, becoming the first pope to resign since Gregory XII in 1415.

On September 4, 2015, German Chancellor Angela Merkel announced that Germany would open its borders to thousands of refugees fleeing conflict in Syria and other countries. This decision marked a significant moment in the European migrant crisis and sparked a debate across Europe regarding immigration and border control. Germany welcomed over a million refugees, and the event influenced immigration policy and politics in Europe.