Freiburg

Freiburg im Breisgau was founded in 1120 by Duke Berthold III of Zähringen, who established it as a free market town, thus giving it the name 'Freiburg', meaning 'free town'. It marked the beginning of Freiburg's history as an important regional economic and political center that would grow over the centuries. The city has since been a crossroads of cultural and intellectual exchange in the region.

The construction of the Freiburg Minster, the cathedral of Freiburg im Breisgau, began in approximately 1200 and continued in several phases until its completion in 1513. The cathedral is renowned for its Gothic architecture and is considered a masterpiece of the Gothic style in Europe. It stands today as a testament to Freiburg's historical religious and cultural importance.

During the late 16th century, Freiburg was one of the locations for witch trials, reflective of the intense witch hunts that characterise this period in European history. In 1520, several alleged witches were tried and executed in Freiburg. This grim chapter is a reminder of the hysteria and injustices that occurred during the witch hunts in early modern Europe.

The Siege of Freiburg occurred in 1744 when French forces besieged the Austrian-controlled town during the War of the Austrian Succession. After intense confrontation, Freiburg fell into French hands. The siege was part of the larger conflict across Europe involving several major powers with stakes in the control of various territories.

The University of Freiburg, officially the Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, was founded in 1457 by the Habsburgs, and is one of the oldest universities in Germany. Situated in Freiburg im Breisgau, the faculty encompasses all major disciplines within the humanities, natural, and social sciences. It has a long history of excellence in teaching and research, attracting scholars from all over the world.

Freiburg played a significant role in the German revolution of 1848. As part of the struggle for democracy and national unity, Freiburg was a hotbed of revolutionary activity, where political struggles unfolded and citizens rose against aristocratic rule. The unrest was significant in southwestern Germany, influencing future democratic developments and shaping modern Germany.

The unexpected bombing of Freiburg on 10 May 1940 by the German Luftwaffe was a tragic mistake that led to civilian casualties. Official records indicate that during the assault, approximately 57 people were killed. The city suffered damage as the raid was mistargeted, intended for areas in France. This error remains a notable and tragic episode in Freiburg's World War II history.

On April 21, 1945, Freiburg im Breisgau experienced significant bombardment during World War II. Although the city itself was not a direct military target, it suffered extensive damage from Allied bombing raids aimed at disrupting German transportation and communication lines. Historical Freiburg, known for its medieval architecture, was severely affected, although the famous Münster was miraculously left standing.

In 1957, the university in Freiburg installed a nuclear research reactor, becoming a notable center for nuclear research in Germany. The reactor was part of the West German effort to advance in scientific research following World War II. The nuclear reactor functioned until its decommissioning in 1989. It served as a critical facility for physics research, educating many scientists in the domain of nuclear physics.

In the 1980s, Freiburg gained international recognition as a pioneer in environmental sustainability and development. By integrating solar power and sustainable urban planning, it set a benchmark for eco-friendly living in cities worldwide. The city's commitment to environmental sustainability earned it the reputation of being the 'Green City' of Germany. These initiatives continue to influence urban planning initiatives globally.