Armenia

In 301 AD, Armenia became the first country to adopt Christianity as its state religion, predating Roman adoption of Christianity by several decades. This event was spearheaded by Saint Gregory the Illuminator and King Tiridates III. The conversion to Christianity significantly influenced Armenian culture, identity, and architecture, as seen through the proliferation of churches and monasteries, embedding Christianity deeply in their national identity.

The Armenian alphabet was created by Mesrop Mashtots around the year 405 AD. This significant cultural development provided a unique script, which is still in use today, and was instrumental in the spread of Armenian Christianity and literature. The alphabet consists of 36 original letters, and its invention is celebrated in Armenian history as a pivotal moment of national and cultural identity preservation.

On April 24, 1915, Ottoman authorities arrested and deported hundreds of Armenian intellectuals and community leaders from Istanbul. This marked the beginning of the Armenian Genocide, during which an estimated 1.5 million Armenians were systematically exterminated by the Ottoman Empire. The day is now commemorated as Armenian Genocide Memorial Day, serving as a remembrance of the atrocities suffered by the Armenian community.

On August 10, 1920, the Treaty of Sèvres was signed between the victorious Allied Powers and the Ottoman Empire. This treaty aimed to dismantle the Ottoman Empire and included provisions for an independent Armenian state, known at the time as Wilsonian Armenia. However, the treaty was never ratified, and its terms were superseded by the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923, which did not recognize Armenian independence, drastically affecting Armenia's territorial claims.

On December 7, 1988, a devastating earthquake struck the Spitak region in northern Armenia. With a magnitude of 6.8, it destroyed several cities and villages, killing approximately 25,000 people and leaving hundreds of thousands homeless. The earthquake caused significant damage to the infrastructure and prompted massive international humanitarian aid and reconstruction efforts for the affected areas.

On September 21, 1991, Armenia declared its independence from the Soviet Union following a national referendum. This marked the end of over 70 years of Soviet rule, allowing Armenia to establish its own government and develop its own identity as an independent nation. The declaration came shortly after the failed coup in Moscow, which accelerated the dissolution of the Soviet Union.

On January 2, 1992, following its declaration of independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, Armenia became a member of the United Nations. Joining the UN was a crucial step for Armenia in establishing its presence on the international stage and gaining recognition as a sovereign state. It allowed Armenia to participate in global discussions and collaborate with other nations towards achieving peace and development.

On April 30, 1993, UN Security Council Resolution 822 was adopted, demanding the cessation of hostilities and withdrawal of local Armenian forces from Kelbajar district and other occupied areas of Azerbaijan. This was part of efforts to bring peace during the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. The resolution called for immediate cessation of all hostilities and reaffirmed respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity of all states in the region.

On May 12, 1994, a ceasefire agreement was signed between Armenia and Azerbaijan, effectively ending the Nagorno-Karabakh War. The conflict had erupted in the late 1980s over the disputed region inhabited predominantly by ethnic Armenians but located within Azerbaijan. The war resulted in grave casualties and destruction, with the ceasefire mediated by Russia ushering in a tense peace that remained fragile for decades.

On April 23, 2018, Armenian Prime Minister Serzh Sargsyan resigned following mass protests nationwide. This political movement, known as the 'Velvet Revolution,' was largely nonviolent and marked a significant change in Armenia's political landscape. Led by Nikol Pashinyan, the protests called for democratic reforms and were sparked by Sargsyan's attempt to extend his power by transitioning from President to Prime Minister.