Iran

The Iranian Revolution of 1979 was a significant event where the Pahlavi monarchy was overthrown and replaced with an Islamic Republic under Ayatollah Khomeini. This revolution marked the end of 2,500 years of Persian monarchy and established political Islam as a powerful force in the Middle East. The revolution involved mass demonstrations, strikes, and civil resistance, ultimately resulting in the exile of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and the rise of Khomeini as Iran's Supreme Leader.

The Iran-Iraq War started on September 22, 1980, when Iraq invaded Iran. The war was primarily caused by territorial and political disputes, notably over the Shatt al-Arab waterway. Saddam Hussein's Iraq sought to take advantage of the instability in post-revolution Iran. The conflict lasted for eight years and was one of the longest and most devastating wars of the 20th century, with significant casualties on both sides and economic impacts across the region.

On July 3, 1988, Iran Air Flight 655 was shot down by the USS Vincennes, a guided missile cruiser of the United States Navy, over the Persian Gulf. All 290 passengers and crew on board were killed. The incident occurred during tensions stemming from the Iran-Iraq War. The U.S. government claimed the aircraft was mistaken for an Iranian fighter jet, while Iran maintained that it was a deliberate attack. This tragedy heightened tensions between the United States and Iran.

Mahmoud Ahmadinejad was inaugurated as the President of Iran on August 2, 2005. A former mayor of Tehran and a member of the hardline Principlist faction, his presidency marked a shift towards a more confrontational stance against the West, particularly regarding Iran's nuclear program. Ahmadinejad's tenure saw significant international tension due to his controversial statements, domestic economic challenges, and human rights issues within Iran.

The 2009 Iranian presidential election, held on June 12, resulted in a contested victory for incumbent President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. Opponents alleged election fraud, sparking widespread protests known as the Green Movement. Demonstrations were met with a severe government crackdown, resulting in numerous arrests and deaths. The protests highlighted deep political divisions in Iran and garnered international attention, emphasizing issues of democracy and human rights.

The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), commonly known as the Iran nuclear deal, was signed on July 14, 2015. This agreement between Iran and the P5+1 (the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council, plus Germany) aimed to limit Iran's nuclear program in exchange for lifting economic sanctions. The deal sought to prevent Iran from developing nuclear weapons, fostering improved diplomatic relations between Iran and the international community.

On May 8, 2018, President Donald Trump announced that the United States would withdraw from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), the Iran nuclear deal, and reimpose sanctions on Iran. This decision marked a significant shift in U.S. foreign policy, leading to increased tensions between the two countries. The withdrawal was criticized by other signatories of the deal and sparked concerns over the future of nuclear non-proliferation and stability in the Middle East.

On January 3, 2020, Qasem Soleimani, a top Iranian military commander, was killed in a U.S. drone strike at Baghdad International Airport. Soleimani was the leader of the Quds Force, an elite division of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, and played a significant role in Iranian foreign operations. His assassination by the United States sharply escalated tensions between Washington and Tehran, leading to retaliatory actions by Iran and fears of broader conflict in the region.

On January 8, 2020, Iran admitted to unintentionally shooting down Ukraine International Airlines Flight PS752 shortly after it took off from Tehran Imam Khomeini International Airport. All 176 passengers and crew were killed. The incident occurred amid heightened tensions between Iran and the United States following the assassination of Qasem Soleimani. Iran initially denied responsibility, but faced with mounting evidence, acknowledged the missile strike was a 'disastrous mistake'.

Mahsa Amini, a 22-year-old Iranian woman, died in police custody on September 16, 2022, after being detained by the Guidance Patrol for allegedly violating Iran's mandatory hijab law. Her death sparked widespread protests across Iran and internationally, highlighting issues of women's rights, personal freedoms, and government accountability. The incident led to significant unrest in Iran, with human rights organizations condemning the Iranian government's actions and response to the protests.