Aix-en-Provence

The University of Aix-en-Provence, originally known as the University of Provence, was founded in 1409 by Louis II of Anjou. It was granted a papal bull by Pope Alexander V, which established it as a center for legal studies, especially law and theology. Over time, it expanded to encompass a wider range of disciplines, becoming a focal point for intellectual activity in the region. The university played a critical role in the cultural and educational development of Aix-en-Provence, drawing scholars from all over Europe.

In 1486, the County of Provence was formally annexed to the Kingdom of France. The annexation occurred after the death of Charles III, Count of Provence, who had no surviving male heirs. King Louis XI of France took possession, thus bringing an end to the autonomous status of Provence within Europe. This unification under French control paved the way for the integration of Provençal culture within the broader national context of France, though it also led to several local tensions.

During the French Revolution, Aix-en-Provence was affected by the sweeping changes that shook France. As a significant center of bourgeoisie power, the city saw active participation in the revolutionary cause, with local clubs and assemblies forming to discuss new ideas. However, it was also a site of tension between revolutionary forces and royalists. The University of Aix was closed along with most other universities, as educational institutions were reorganized under the revolutionary government.

Aix Cathedral, officially the Cathedral of the Holy Saviour, was completed in its current form in 1835, having undergone significant renovations and expansions over centuries. The cathedral's architecture is a testament to the various styles that it went through from the 12th to mid-19th centuries, including Romanesque, Gothic, and Neo-Gothic elements. It contains famous artworks, including a triptych by Nicolas Froment, and serves as a significant religious and cultural landmark in the region.

On October 11, 1909, Aix-en-Provence experienced one of the most devastating floods in its history. Unprecedented rainfall caused a rapid rise in water levels, flooding the streets, destroying homes, and leading to significant loss of life. The water reached up to 2 meters in height, submerging entire districts and causing widespread disruption. The disaster prompted the government to introduce new flood management and prevention measures to avoid future catastrophes of this nature.

Aix-en-Provence was liberated from German occupation on August 21, 1944, as part of the Allied campaign to free the South of France in World War II. The liberation was achieved through a combination of local resistance activity and the advancing Allied forces, who executed Operation Dragoon. This marked a significant moment in the region's history, as it transitioned from Axis control back to a part of Free France, with celebrations and a rapid return to peace-time governance.

The Festival d'Aix-en-Provence, a summer opera festival, was inaugurated in December 1954. The festival quickly gained international acclaim for its high-quality productions and its focus on both classical and contemporary works. Held in venues like the Théâtre de l'Archevêché, it attracts audiences from around the world and contributes significantly to Aix-en-Provence's reputation as a city of art and culture. The festival annually revives the city's historical and cultural vitality.

Named after the famous painter born in Aix-en-Provence, Paul Cézanne University was founded in 1970 following the division of the University of Aix-Marseille. Specializing in Law, Political Science, and Economics, it further established Aix-en-Provence as an important hub for higher education in France. The university's dedication to international collaboration and research has made it a centerpiece of academic excellence in the region.

The TGV Mediterranean Line was inaugurated in 1983, connecting Aix-en-Provence and other southern cities with high-speed train services to Paris. This development transformed Aix into a highly connected city, facilitating cultural and economic exchanges, and boosting tourism significantly. The infrastructure modernized transportation, making the picturesque city more accessible and promoting its growth as a modern city that maintains its historical charm.

In 1991, Parc Jourdan was designated a protected green space within Aix-en-Provence, preserving it for public enjoyment and preventing future urban development. It is one of the largest parks in the city, featuring landscaped gardens, fountains, and areas for recreational activities. The park has become a cherished spot for locals and tourists alike, offering a serene environment amidst the city's historical backdrop and ensuring a commitment to environmental conservation.