Cartagena

Cartagena was founded on June 1, 1533, by Spanish commander Pedro de Heredia. It quickly became an important port city for the Spanish Empire in northern South America. The city's strategic location made it a key target for pirates and privateers, which led to the construction of extensive fortifications.

In April 1697, the French privateer Baron de Pointis led a successful raid on Cartagena, capturing the city and obtaining considerable wealth. The raid was one of the many attacks on the city by pirates attempting to plunder its riches from the Spanish colonial era.

In March 1741, the Battle of Cartagena de Indias took place during the War of Jenkins' Ear. The British fleet under Admiral Edward Vernon besieged the city, facing a staunch defense led by the Spanish commander Blas de Lezo. Despite being outnumbered, the Spanish forces successfully defended Cartagena.

Cartagena declared its independence from Spain on November 11, 1811. This declaration was one of the first moves towards independence in Colombia, and it marked the beginning of a period of war and struggle for freedom from Spanish rule in the region.

The University of Cartagena was established in 1933. As one of the oldest institutions of higher education in the region, the University has played a critical role in education and research, contributing significantly to the development and progress of Cartagena and Colombia.

The Cartagena Refinery, one of Colombia's largest oil refineries, was inaugurated in 1958. This refinery has played a vital role in the country's economy, contributing to the development of the petroleum industry in Cartagena, and generating employment and growth in the region.

In 1984, the historic port, fortresses, and monuments of Cartagena were designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. This recognition highlighted the city's historical significance and the preservation of its colonial architecture, which remains a testament to its rich heritage.

Cartagena hosted the Summit of the Americas in November 2007. The event brought together leaders from across the Western Hemisphere to discuss regional cooperation and address issues such as trade, security, and poverty. The summit emphasized Cartagena's role as a center for international diplomacy.

In June 2012, the Colombian government and the FARC guerrilla group began peace talks in Cartagena. These talks were part of a wider effort to end decades of conflict in Colombia, which had caused significant turmoil and loss of life. Cartagena played a crucial role as a neutral ground for these important discussions.

On September 26, 2016, the final peace agreement between the Colombian government and the FARC was signed in a historic ceremony in Cartagena. This agreement marked a significant step towards ending a 52-year conflict, setting a precedent for peace and reconciliation in Colombia.