In March 2014, Amartya Sen and Jean Drèze released 'An Uncertain Glory: India and its Contradictions', a book that critically examines India's development progress and shortcomings. The book underscores the disparities in economic and social development in India, contrasting economic successes with persistent poverty, inequality, and inadequate public services. Sen and Drèze emphasize comprehensive reform in education, healthcare, and infrastructure as essential for sustainable development.

In September 2011, Amartya Sen published 'The Idea of Justice', a book that provides an alternative framework for justice based on creating a more equitable society. Sen critiques the traditional focus on ideal institutions, proposing instead a comparative approach to social justice that assesses existing inequalities and injustices. He emphasizes public reasoning and democracy as essential in the pursuit of a just society. This work has influenced discussions on justice and economic policy worldwide.

On July 8, 2009, Amartya Sen advocated for the implementation of food security legislation in India, emphasizing the need to ensure that no one goes hungry. He highlighted the role of government intervention in providing food to the poor and underscored the importance of ensuring food access as a fundamental human right. Sen's advocacy was influential in shaping India's progressive food security policies, which aim to tackle hunger and malnutrition among its population using effective legislation and programs.

Amartya Sen published 'Identity and Violence: The Illusion of Destiny' in 2006, a book that explores the complexities of identity and how it can become a source of conflict. Sen argues that people's identities are multi-dimensional and that the reduction of individuals to a singular identity (such as religion or ethnicity) can result in violence and misunderstanding. He emphasizes the importance of acknowledging the plurality of human identity and recognizing the shared humanity in overcoming divisive and sectarian violence.

In July 2001, Amartya Sen served as President of the American Economic Association, becoming the first Asian to hold this position. His presidency represented a significant acknowledgment of his contributions to economic thought and policy. During his tenure, Sen focused on the role of economic analysis in addressing poverty, global inequality, and development challenges, continuing his advocacy for a holistic view of welfare and development economics that includes human rights and social justice.

In January 2000, Amartya Sen became the Master of Trinity College, Cambridge, serving as the first Asian and the first Indian to hold the position. His appointment was a historic milestone for the college, which is one of the most prestigious academic institutions in the world. Sen's tenure emphasized interdisciplinary research and diversity, reflecting his commitment to expanding the educational and intellectual horizons of the institution. He served in this position until 2004.

In 1999, Amartya Sen published 'Development as Freedom', a groundbreaking book that redefined development as a process of expanding human freedoms rather than just economic growth. He argued that the success of societies should be measured by the freedoms their members enjoy, such as the ability to avoid starvation, achieve economic stability, and gain access to education and healthcare. This work has had a profound impact on economic policy worldwide, particularly in the areas of poverty and welfare.

Amartya Sen was awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1998 for his contributions to welfare economics. His work on the causes of famine, which demonstrated the shortcomings of traditional approaches to economics, was instrumental in reshaping academic and policy perspectives on poverty and welfare. His research emphasized the importance of individual freedom and capabilities as essential components in economic development, paving the way for the Human Development Index.

Amartya Sen published 'Inequality Reexamined' in 1993, further exploring his ideas on inequality and economic justice. In this book, Sen outlines his capability approach, suggesting that true equality is not about resources or income alone, but about the real opportunities available to individuals. The work bridges philosophical ideas of justice with practical considerations in economics, policy, and personal rights, influencing subsequent discussions on human development and policy frameworks worldwide.

Amartya Sen was born on November 3, 1933, in Santiniketan, India. He was born to a Bengali family of scholars and educators, which set the foundation for his academic interests. Sen's grandfather, Kshiti Mohan Sen, was a renowned scholar of Indian languages and literature, while his father, Ashutosh Sen, was a professor of chemistry. His early education in India was followed by higher studies abroad, shaping his future in economics and philosophy.