On December 24, 2013, Alan Turing received a posthumous royal pardon from Queen Elizabeth II. This pardon was granted for his 1952 conviction for homosexuality, recognizing the injustice he suffered. It was a significant step in acknowledging Turing's contributions and the discrimination he faced.

Alan Turing died on June 7, 1954, from cyanide poisoning. His death was ruled a suicide, although some believe it may have been accidental. Turing's tragic end underscored the societal challenges he faced and sparked later movements for justice and recognition of his contributions to science.

In 1952, Alan Turing was prosecuted for homosexual acts, which were criminal offenses in the UK at the time. He was convicted and chose chemical castration over imprisonment. This event had a profound impact on his personal and professional life, highlighting the era's social injustices.

In 1950, Turing published 'Computing Machinery and Intelligence' in the journal Mind. This paper introduced the concept of the Turing Test, a criterion of intelligence for machines. It posed the question, 'Can machines think?' and laid the groundwork for the field of artificial intelligence.

After World War II, Turing worked at the National Physical Laboratory where he developed the design for the Automatic Computing Engine (ACE). Although the full ACE was never built, it was one of the first designs for a stored-program computer, influencing future developments in computing technology.

At the outbreak of World War II in 1939, Alan Turing joined the Government Code and Cypher School at Bletchley Park. He played a crucial role in breaking the German Enigma code, which was vital to the Allied war effort. His work significantly shortened the war and saved countless lives.

Alan Turing completed his PhD at Princeton University in 1938. His dissertation, 'Systems of Logic Based on Ordinals,' further explored the mathematical foundations of computation. Under the supervision of Alonzo Church, Turing expanded his work on logic and computation, gaining international recognition.

In 1936, Turing published his seminal paper 'On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem.' This work introduced the concept of a 'Turing machine,' a theoretical construct that became a foundational model for the modern computer. It addressed the limits of what can be computed.

In 1931, Alan Turing began his studies at King's College, University of Cambridge. He pursued a degree in mathematics, where he excelled and became known for his work in probability theory. His time at Cambridge was formative, and he was elected a fellow of King's College in 1935.

Alan Mathison Turing was born on June 23, 1912, in Maida Vale, London, England. He was the second of two sons born to Julius Mathison Turing and Ethel Sara Stoney. His father was a member of the Indian Civil Service, and his upbringing was marked by a strong emphasis on education.